Before colonization, much of these lands were under Ottoman rule-with the exception of most of the Gulf region. Most of the nations in the Arab world were only founded in the mid-20 th century, after emerging from decades of primarily British and French control. This is especially the case in previously colonized countries throughout Africa and Asia, including Arab nations, which are commonly accepted as lying in “the Middle East,” a term that refers to a portion of what the British Empire once called “the Orient,” and that therefore still reflects a Eurocentric perspective of the world’s geography. While the specific actions associated with decolonization-and even a precise definition of what is meant by the term-remain under debate, what this shift has brought to the broader consciousness is an awareness of just how deeply embedded both the legacy of colonialism and contemporary manifestations of neocolonialism are in modern life. In recent years, movements toward “ decolonization” have taken hold throughout multiple disciplines, including cultural studies, health, economics, and education.
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